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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 289401 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born a close family member was very sick and had to go into the hospital | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 25 | 21.1 | 29.5 | 121 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO204 | 26 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 289402 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the last 3 months of your pregnancy how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 1-5/day | % | Percentage | 3.1 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 16 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO191 | 55 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES10 | |||
| 289403 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | (*PCH) Indicator of intended pregnancy | PRAMS | Intended | % | Percentage | 46.8 | 41.8 | 52 | 217 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO16 | 17 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES19 | |||
| 289404 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Demographics | Household Characteristics | Indicator of infant currently living with the mother | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 33 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA2 | TOP10 | QUO144 | 55 | BOC18 | BOC18 | |||||||
| 289405 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Indicator of Late (After First Trimester) or No Entry Into Prenatal Care | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 27.6 | 21.5 | 34.6 | 67 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO24 | 23 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 289406 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the last 3 months of your pregnancy how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 1-5/day | % | Percentage | 10.6 | 7.6 | 14.5 | 44 | WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO191 | 42 | WIC2 | BOC10 | RES10 | |||
| 289407 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother was Medicaid recipient at any time (pregnancy for prenatal care or for delivery). | PRAMS | Non-Medicaid | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO53 | 50 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES108 | ||||||
| 289408 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $50,000 or more | % | Percentage | 8.5 | 6 | 11.9 | 30 | Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 41 | ETH2 | BOC6 | RES7 | |||
| 289409 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | (*PCH) During the 12 months before you got pregnant did your husband or partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 50 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Birth Weight | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO20 | 39 | BOC1 | BOC1 | |||||||
| 289410 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother was Medicaid recipient at any time (pregnancy for prenatal care or for delivery). | PRAMS | Medicaid | % | Percentage | 18.7 | 15.9 | 21.9 | 241 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO53 | 25 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES107 | |||
| 289411 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | How do you most often lay your baby down to sleep now? | PRAMS | SIDE | % | Percentage | 10.7 | 8.6 | 13.3 | 146 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO328 | 25 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES65 | |||
| 289412 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother was Medicaid recipient at any time (pregnancy for prenatal care or for delivery). | PRAMS | Non-Medicaid | % | Percentage | 69 | 65 | 72.7 | 811 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO53 | 8 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES108 | |||
| 289413 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether Medicaid paid for delivery | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 79.4 | 71.4 | 85.6 | 179 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO267 | 26 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES41 | |||
| 289414 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about how drinking alcohol during pregnancy could affect your baby? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 13.3 | 7.1 | 23.5 | 17 | LBW (<=2500g) | Birth Weight | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO38 | 25 | BWT1 | BOC1 | RES23 | |||
| 289415 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | 1-3 TIMES/WEEK | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 47 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES69 | ||||||
| 289416 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Maternal Behavior/Health | Obesity | (*PCH) Mother's prepregnancy body mass index classified as underweight normal overweight or obese | PRAMS | UNDERWT ( < 18.5) | % | Percentage | 9 | 6.4 | 12.5 | 54 | 0 | Number of Previous Live Births | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA9 | TOP31 | QUO148 | 5 | PRV0 | BOC20 | RES45 | |||
| 289417 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether other sources paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 4.5 | 2.1 | 9.3 | 20 | Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO324 | 8 | SMK2 | BOC12 | RES41 | |||
| 289418 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Indicator of whether mother went to the hospital and stayed more than 1 day for a pregnancy-related complication (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 11.2 | 7.7 | 16.1 | 171 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO240 | 40 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 289419 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you were in a physical fight | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 97.1 | 82.1 | 99.6 | 41 | INADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO205 | 37 | PNC2 | BOC18 | RES23 | |||
| 289420 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | During your most recent pregnancy did an ex-husband or ex-partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 3.1 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 18 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO315 | 25 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES40 | |||
| 289421 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | During your most recent pregnancy did anyone else physically hurt you in any way? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | UNKNOWN PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO314 | 54 | PNC4 | BOC18 | RES40 | ||||||
| 289422 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the 3 months before you got pregnant how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 1-5/day | % | Percentage | 5.8 | 3.3 | 10.1 | 17 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO190 | 55 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES10 | |||
| 289423 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did your cervix have have to be sewn shut (incompetent cervix cerclage) during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 1.7 | 0.9 | 3.2 | 11 | Age 25 - 29 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO151 | 34 | AGE3 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 289424 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $25,000 to $49,999 | % | Percentage | 17.3 | 14.1 | 20.9 | 100 | WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 17 | WIC2 | BOC10 | RES6 | |||
| 289425 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - money from a business, fees, dividends or rental income | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO302 | 28 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES41 | ||||||
| 289426 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | When you got pregnant with your new baby were you trying to become pregnant? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 56.7 | 52.7 | 60.6 | 371 | NBW (>2500g) | Birth Weight | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO257 | 36 | BWT2 | BOC1 | RES40 | |||
| 289427 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the last 3 months of your pregnancy how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 11-20/day | % | Percentage | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO191 | 15 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES9 | |||
| 289428 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- husband or partner did not want to | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 8 | 3.7 | 16.5 | 12 | 30+ yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO160 | 28 | AYR3 | BOC19 | RES41 | |||
| 289429 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Infant Health | Morbidity - Infant | After your baby was born was he or she put in an intensive care unit? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 11.8 | 8.2 | 16.7 | 89 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA8 | TOP13 | QUO15 | 28 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES40 | |||
| 289430 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | (*PCH) During the 12 months before you got pregnant did your husband or partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 1.6 | 0.7 | 3.8 | 5 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO20 | 41 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 289431 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you have your teeth cleaned? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 46.8 | 43.5 | 50.2 | 455 | Intended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO75 | 49 | IND1 | BOC11 | RES40 | |||
| 289432 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Infant Health | Infant Health Care | Indicator of infant checkup within 1 week of hospital discharge for infants discharged within 48 hours | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 89.4 | 81.6 | 94.1 | 120 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA8 | TOP11 | QUO10 | 47 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 289433 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Total number of stressors reported grouped as none 1-2 3-5 and 6-13. | PRAMS | "1-2" | % | Percentage | 39.5 | 35.7 | 43.4 | 603 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO211 | 24 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES121 | |||
| 289434 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - husband or partner does not want to | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 21.2 | 11 | 36.9 | 8 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO80 | 15 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES41 | |||
| 289435 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not want to use birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 83.1 | 65.1 | 92.8 | 70 | Age 30 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO87 | 40 | AGE4 | BOC17 | RES24 | |||
| 289436 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether other sources paid for delivery | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 1.5 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 6 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO319 | 15 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES41 | |||
| 289437 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you argued with your husband or partner more than usual | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 19.4 | 16.1 | 23.2 | 128 | Intended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO197 | 55 | IND1 | BOC11 | RES40 | |||
| 289438 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you were homeless | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 93.7 | 89.6 | 96.3 | 254 | Black, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO206 | 34 | ETH1 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 289439 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | 4-6 TIMES/WEEK | % | Percentage | 4.2 | 2.7 | 6.5 | 28 | Non-Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 54 | MED2 | BOC9 | RES70 | |||
| 289440 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born someone very close to you died | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 80.6 | 76.4 | 84.2 | 458 | OTHER | Marital Status | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO199 | 27 | MA2 | BOC3 | RES23 | |||
| 289441 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you argued with your husband or partner more than usual | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 73 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO197 | 42 | BOC14 | BOC14 | |||||||
| 289442 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - child support or alimony | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 12.1 | 9.3 | 15.6 | 110 | Black, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO301 | 28 | ETH1 | BOC6 | RES41 | |||
| 289443 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother received Medicaid coverage for prenatal care. | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 11.9 | 6.2 | 21.7 | 10 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO25 | 50 | AYR1 | BOC19 | RES24 | |||
| 289444 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | Just before you got pregnant when did you want to become pregnant? | PRAMS | THEN | % | Percentage | 27.5 | 19.7 | 37 | 34 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO13 | 42 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES111 | |||
| 289445 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Indicator for whether mother currently smokes | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 87.4 | 84 | 90.1 | 627 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO32 | 39 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES23 | |||
| 289446 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the three months before pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | NONSMOKR RESUMED | % | Percentage | 0.1 | 0 | 0.6 | 3 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO194 | 8 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES29 | |||
| 289447 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for delivery | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 78.4 | 75.3 | 81.3 | 1162 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO318 | 53 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES23 | |||
| 289448 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - not having sex | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 1317 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | On WIC during Pregnancy | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO82 | 31 | BOC10 | BOC10 | |||||||
| 289449 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother was Medicaid recipient at any time (pregnancy for prenatal care or for delivery). | PRAMS | Non-Medicaid | % | Percentage | 35.2 | 29.2 | 41.7 | 113 | INTERMEDIATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO53 | 53 | PNC3 | BOC18 | RES108 | |||
| 289450 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $50,000 or more | % | Percentage | 7 | 4.8 | 9.9 | 36 | OTHER | Marital Status | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 42 | MA2 | BOC3 | RES7 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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Meta
- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
