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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 302451 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - had side effects from birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 82.2 | 66.9 | 91.3 | 46 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO163 | 44 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES24 | |||
| 302452 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | Just before you got pregnant when did you want to become pregnant? | PRAMS | THEN | % | Percentage | 56.2 | 52 | 60.2 | 367 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO13 | 42 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES111 | |||
| 302453 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any emotional-related stressors reported | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 27.4 | 24.1 | 30.9 | 187 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO202 | 50 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES40 | |||
| 302454 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of mother delivering in a hospital | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 99.1 | 98.2 | 99.5 | 1631 | None | None | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO169 | 24 | BOC99 | BOC99 | RES40 | |||
| 302455 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have any vaginal bleeding during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 17.7 | 10.5 | 28.2 | 23 | INADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO149 | 53 | PNC2 | BOC18 | RES40 | |||
| 302456 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about birth control methods to use after pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 77.8 | 71.1 | 83.4 | 270 | INTERMEDIATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO332 | 39 | PNC3 | BOC18 | RES40 | |||
| 302457 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Insurance Coverage | Indicator of insurance before pregnancy (excluding Medicaid) (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 52.5 | 48.9 | 56.2 | 589 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA10 | TOP30 | QUO310 | 28 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES23 | |||
| 302458 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you go to a dentist or dental clinic? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 44.2 | 36.6 | 52.1 | 89 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO95 | 28 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 302459 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Indicator of contraceptive use at time of pregnancy among women with an unintended pregnancy | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 43.5 | 34.8 | 52.6 | 128 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO3 | 41 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES23 | |||
| 302460 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born someone very close to you died | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 86.2 | 83.6 | 88.4 | 744 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO199 | 27 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES23 | |||
| 302461 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | 21-40/day | % | Percentage | 1.4 | 0.2 | 7.7 | 1 | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 56 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES11 | |||
| 302462 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Visits | Adequacy of Prenatal Care (Kessner index) | PRAMS | INADEQUATE PNC | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Black, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA11 | TOP44 | QUO145 | 49 | ETH1 | BOC6 | RES18 | ||||||
| 302463 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not want to use birth control | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 29 | 20.6 | 39.1 | 34 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO87 | 42 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES41 | |||
| 302464 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - social security, worker's compensation, disability, veterans benefits, or pensions (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 31 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Mother Hispanic | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO308 | 8 | BOC8 | BOC8 | |||||||
| 302465 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | < 1/day | % | Percentage | 1.1 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 6 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 10 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES8 | |||
| 302466 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not think she could become pregnant (sterile) | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 95.2 | 86.9 | 98.3 | 110 | 25-34 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO81 | 54 | AYR5 | BOC4 | RES24 | |||
| 302467 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Barriers | Barrier to prenatal care - did not want anyone to know about the pregnancy (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 7.8 | 4.8 | 12.4 | 28 | Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA11 | TOP59 | QUO286 | 31 | SMK2 | BOC12 | RES40 | |||
| 302468 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 78.9 | 69 | 86.3 | 176 | Less than $10,000 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO323 | 24 | INC39 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 302469 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether other sources paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 7.3 | 3.5 | 14.9 | 11 | Less than $10,000 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO324 | 2 | INC39 | BOC14 | RES41 | |||
| 302470 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Barriers | Barrier to prenatal care - did not want anyone to know about the pregnancy (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 84 | 73.9 | 90.7 | 124 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA11 | TOP59 | QUO286 | 47 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES23 | |||
| 302471 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | 4-6 TIMES/WEEK | % | Percentage | 9.5 | 7.3 | 12.3 | 61 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 55 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES70 | |||
| 302472 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Indicator of contraceptive use at time of pregnancy among women with an unintended pregnancy | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 52 | 46.7 | 57.4 | 197 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO3 | 50 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES23 | |||
| 302473 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born a close family member was very sick and had to go into the hospital | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 67.7 | 57.8 | 76.2 | 81 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO204 | 49 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES23 | |||
| 302474 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | How do you most often lay your baby down to sleep now? | PRAMS | ALL 3 POSITIONS | % | Percentage | 2 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 3 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO328 | 5 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES62 | |||
| 302475 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether other sources paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 4.7 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 35 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO324 | 42 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES41 | |||
| 302476 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - currently pregnant | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO85 | 25 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES24 | ||||||
| 302477 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about using a seat belt during your pregnancy ? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 51.3 | 42.8 | 59.8 | 113 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO36 | 39 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES23 | |||
| 302478 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | #CIGS REDUCED | % | Percentage | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 8 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 34 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES1 | |||
| 302479 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | During your most recent pregnancy did an ex-husband or ex-partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 37 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO315 | 56 | BOC12 | BOC12 | |||||||
| 302480 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of baby born in a hospital | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO168 | 54 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES40 | ||||||
| 302481 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - thought she or partner was sterile | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 713 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO164 | 56 | BOC16 | BOC16 | |||||||
| 302482 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Infant Health | Morbidity - Infant | The baby's weight classified as low birth weight (LBW) if the weight was less than or equal to 2500 grams or normal birth weight (NBW) if the weight was greater than 2500 grams | PRAMS | LBW (<=2500g) | % | Percentage | 6.7 | 6.1 | 7.4 | 214 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA8 | TOP13 | QUO7 | 17 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES118 | |||
| 302483 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any trauma-related stressors reported | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 22 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO212 | 36 | BOC13 | BOC13 | |||||||
| 302484 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Indicator of whether mother went to the hospital and stayed more than 1 day for a pregnancy-related complication (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO240 | 50 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES23 | ||||||
| 302485 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about doing tests to screen for birth defects or diseases that run in your family? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 11.9 | 7.2 | 19.2 | 17 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO67 | 42 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES23 | |||
| 302486 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have any placenta problems (such as abruptio placental placenta previa) during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 7.2 | 3.8 | 13.4 | 9 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO157 | 10 | AYR1 | BOC19 | RES40 | |||
| 302487 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Were you injured in a car accident during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 97.9 | 96.4 | 98.8 | 1465 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO150 | 24 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES23 | |||
| 302488 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for delivery | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 85.2 | 82.2 | 87.7 | 761 | NBW (>2500g) | Birth Weight | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO318 | 24 | BWT2 | BOC1 | RES23 | |||
| 302489 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any partner-related stressors reported | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 67 | 62.3 | 71.4 | 490 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO210 | 47 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES23 | |||
| 302490 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | NONSMOKR RESUMED | % | Percentage | 1.2 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 3 | 35+ yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 54 | AYR6 | BOC4 | RES29 | |||
| 302491 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have high blood pressure during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 79.9 | 76.7 | 82.7 | 768 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO238 | 54 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES23 | |||
| 302492 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born someone very close to you had a bad problem with drinking or drugs | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 15.1 | 5.1 | 36.7 | 4 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO200 | 47 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 302493 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | Just before you got pregnant when did you want to become pregnant? | PRAMS | DID NOT WANT | % | Percentage | 12.9 | 9.8 | 16.8 | 59 | Age 30 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO13 | 37 | AGE4 | BOC17 | RES49 | |||
| 302494 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 20.9 | 18.4 | 23.6 | 253 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO323 | 37 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 302495 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any trauma-related stressors reported | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 88 | 69.4 | 96 | 54 | UNKNOWN PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO212 | 8 | PNC4 | BOC18 | RES23 | |||
| 302496 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Indicator for whether mother smoked during the last three months of pregnancy | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 85.7 | 82.5 | 88.4 | 833 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO31 | 31 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES23 | |||
| 302497 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you were homeless | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 97.8 | 95.9 | 98.8 | 1317 | Non-Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO206 | 40 | SMK1 | BOC12 | RES23 | |||
| 302498 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother was Medicaid recipient at any time (pregnancy for prenatal care or for delivery). | PRAMS | Medicaid | % | Percentage | 83.2 | 77.3 | 87.8 | 282 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO53 | 8 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES107 | |||
| 302499 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- husband or partner did not want to | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 78.1 | 69 | 85 | 131 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO160 | 28 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES24 | |||
| 302500 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you were in a physical fight | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 98.6 | 93.8 | 99.7 | 220 | 35+ yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO205 | 53 | AYR6 | BOC4 | RES23 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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Meta
- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
