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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 319401 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Maternal Behavior/Health | Maternal Health Care | (*PCH) Since your new baby was born have you had a postpartum checkup for yourself? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 83.2 | 74.7 | 89.3 | 122 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA9 | TOP52 | QUO244 | 44 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES40 | |||
| 319402 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - husband or partner does not want to | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 4.9 | 1.6 | 13.9 | 5 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO80 | 23 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES41 | |||
| 319403 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - husband or partner does not want to | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 5.6 | 1.8 | 16.4 | 8 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO80 | 28 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES41 | |||
| 319404 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Infant Health | Pregnancy Outcome | Indicator of infant currently alive | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 1 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA8 | TOP43 | QUO143 | 50 | BOC18 | BOC18 | |||||||
| 319405 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Were you injured in a car accident during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 1.8 | 0.3 | 11.6 | 1 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO150 | 36 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES40 | |||
| 319406 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for delivery | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO318 | 44 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES40 | ||||||
| 319407 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Barriers | Barrier to prenatal care - did not want anyone to know about the pregnancy (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 94.6 | 90.1 | 97.1 | 318 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA11 | TOP59 | QUO286 | 47 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES23 | |||
| 319408 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - thought she or partner was sterile | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO164 | 5 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES41 | ||||||
| 319409 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Maternal Behavior/Health | Pregnancy History | Number of previous live births (the motherÂ’s parity classified as no previous live births or one or more previous live births). | PRAMS | 1 or more | % | Percentage | 50.3 | 45.4 | 55.1 | 203 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA9 | TOP16 | QUO26 | 10 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES115 | |||
| 319410 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the 3 months before you got pregnant how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | None (0 cig) | % | Percentage | 75.3 | 56.4 | 87.8 | 28 | Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO190 | 39 | ETH2 | BOC6 | RES27 | |||
| 319411 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Behavior/Health | HIV Test | Reason for refusing HIV test - afraid of getting test results | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA9 | TOP7 | QUO136 | 15 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES41 | ||||||
| 319412 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Indicator of drinking any alcohol during the past two years | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 13 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | On WIC during Pregnancy | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO100 | 23 | BOC10 | BOC10 | |||||||
| 319413 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you were homeless | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 2 | INADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO206 | 28 | PNC2 | BOC18 | RES40 | |||
| 319414 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Maternal Behavior/Health | Preconception Morbidity | (*PCH) During the 3 months before you got pregnant with your new baby did you have high blood pressure (hypertension)? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 98.1 | 96.9 | 98.8 | 860 | White, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA9 | TOP42 | QUO130 | 27 | ETH4 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 319415 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Infant Health | Breastfeeding | Indicator of whether mother was still breastfeeding 8 weeks after delivery. | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 69 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Medicaid Recipient | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA8 | TOP3 | QUO44 | 26 | BOC9 | BOC9 | |||||||
| 319416 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - aid such as TANF, welfare, WIC, Food Stamps, or SSI (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 32.2 | 27.6 | 37.3 | 233 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO299 | 53 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES40 | |||
| 319417 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any financial-related stressors reported | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 53.6 | 49.2 | 57.8 | 339 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO203 | 42 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES23 | |||
| 319418 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - paycheck or money from a job | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 75.3 | 57 | 87.4 | 71 | Age < 18 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO304 | 40 | AGE1 | BOC17 | RES41 | |||
| 319419 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether delivery was paid for by insurance through the military | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO364 | 13 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES41 | ||||||
| 319420 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | (*PCH) During the 12 months before you got pregnant did your husband or partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age < 18 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO20 | 15 | AGE1 | BOC17 | RES23 | ||||||
| 319421 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - thought she or partner was sterile | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 84.4 | 72.8 | 91.7 | 111 | 30+ yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO164 | 5 | AYR3 | BOC19 | RES24 | |||
| 319422 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | NONSMOKR RESUMED | % | Percentage | 4.5 | 2.4 | 8.3 | 27 | 30+ yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 40 | AYR3 | BOC19 | RES29 | |||
| 319423 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you go to a dentist or dental clinic? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 41.2 | 33.1 | 49.7 | 151 | Less than $10,000 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO95 | 41 | INC39 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 319424 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any emotional-related stressors reported | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 28.4 | 23.6 | 33.7 | 106 | Age 25 - 29 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO202 | 56 | AGE3 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 319425 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Location | Where did you go most of the time for your prenatal visits? | PRAMS | Hlth Dept Clinic | % | Percentage | 22.4 | 17.5 | 28.4 | 95 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA11 | TOP57 | QUO331 | 8 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES136 | |||
| 319426 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not want to use birth control | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 34.5 | 20 | 52.6 | 19 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO87 | 2 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES41 | |||
| 319427 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Indicator of contraceptive use at time of pregnancy among women with an unintended pregnancy | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 37.8 | 27.1 | 50 | 41 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO3 | 42 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES40 | |||
| 319428 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | (*PCH) Indicator of no birth control use at conception | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 88.8 | 85.3 | 91.5 | 479 | 30+ yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO242 | 36 | AYR3 | BOC19 | RES40 | |||
| 319429 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | EVERY DAY/WEEK | % | Percentage | 17.5 | 10.4 | 28 | 16 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 42 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES72 | |||
| 319430 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born someone very close to you died | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 15.6 | 13.3 | 18.1 | 173 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO199 | 49 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES40 | |||
| 319431 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | (*PCH) Indicator for whether mother smoked during the three months before getting pregnant | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 30.7 | 26.4 | 35.4 | 175 | WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO30 | 31 | WIC2 | BOC10 | RES40 | |||
| 319432 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you argued with your husband or partner more than usual | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 75.6 | 72.7 | 78.4 | 695 | Non-Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO197 | 10 | SMK1 | BOC12 | RES23 | |||
| 319433 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the three months before pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | #CIGS REDUCED | % | Percentage | 3 | 1.9 | 4.6 | 24 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO194 | 50 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES1 | |||
| 319434 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether private insurance paid for delivery | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 73.4 | 65.9 | 79.8 | 131 | 35+ yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO317 | 49 | AYR6 | BOC4 | RES40 | |||
| 319435 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you or your husband or partner went to jail | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 19 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO207 | 53 | BOC19 | BOC19 | |||||||
| 319436 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - husband or partner does not want to | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 90.7 | 81.7 | 95.5 | 84 | WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO80 | 44 | WIC2 | BOC10 | RES24 | |||
| 319437 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | During your most recent pregnancy did an ex-husband or ex-partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 96 | 93.7 | 97.5 | 420 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO315 | 15 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES23 | |||
| 319438 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Infant Health | Breastfeeding | Indicator of whether mother was still breastfeeding 4 weeks after delivery. | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 56 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Birth Weight | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA8 | TOP3 | QUO4 | 23 | BOC1 | BOC1 | |||||||
| 319439 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | (*PCH) Indicator of drinking alcohol during the three months before pregnancy | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 61.8 | 57.9 | 65.5 | 387 | Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO8 | 10 | MED1 | BOC9 | RES23 | |||
| 319440 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | Indicator of whether baby is most often laid on his or her back to sleep | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 30.8 | 26.2 | 35.8 | 318 | Intended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO28 | 40 | IND1 | BOC11 | RES23 | |||
| 319441 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Total number of stressors reported grouped as none 1-2 3-5 and 6-13. | PRAMS | "3-5" | % | Percentage | 36 | 29.8 | 42.6 | 99 | 20-24 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO211 | 34 | AYR4 | BOC4 | RES122 | |||
| 319442 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about what to do if your labor starts early? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 80.7 | 76.8 | 84.1 | 431 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO66 | 49 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 319443 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Behavior/Health | HIV Test | At any time during your most recent pregnancy or delivery did you have a test for HIV? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 59 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Mother Hispanic | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA9 | TOP7 | QUO14 | 53 | BOC8 | BOC8 | |||||||
| 319444 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Location | Where did you go most of the time for your prenatal visits? | PRAMS | MD / HMO | % | Percentage | 51.8 | 45.7 | 58 | 283 | 20-24 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA11 | TOP57 | QUO331 | 5 | AYR4 | BOC4 | RES138 | |||
| 319445 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Infant Health | Injury Prevention | Home has a working smoke alarm | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 96.4 | 94.1 | 97.8 | 706 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA8 | TOP40 | QUO188 | 47 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES40 | |||
| 319446 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Maternal Behavior/Health | Obesity | Mother's pre-pregnancy body mass index classified as obese (BMI >= 30) or non-obese (BMI < 30) | PRAMS | OBESE | % | Percentage | 25.4 | 21.3 | 30.1 | 148 | Age 25 - 29 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA9 | TOP31 | QUO220 | 54 | AGE3 | BOC17 | RES113 | |||
| 319447 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the 3 months before you got pregnant how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | None (0 cig) | % | Percentage | 83.8 | 80.6 | 86.5 | 692 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO190 | 26 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES27 | |||
| 319448 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of baby born in a hospital | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 98 | 96.2 | 99 | 521 | OTHER | Marital Status | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO168 | 37 | MA2 | BOC3 | RES40 | |||
| 319449 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Visits | Adequacy of Prenatal Care (Kessner index) | PRAMS | INADEQUATE PNC | % | Percentage | 8.3 | 5.5 | 12.4 | 43 | 20-24 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA11 | TOP44 | QUO145 | 53 | AYR4 | BOC4 | RES18 | |||
| 319450 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | (*PCH) Indicator of drinking alcohol during the three months before pregnancy | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 35.3 | 32.2 | 38.5 | 471 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO8 | 26 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES23 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
