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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 322401 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the last 3 months of your pregnancy how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | < 1/day | % | Percentage | 1.5 | 0.5 | 4.8 | 5 | INADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO191 | 8 | PNC2 | BOC18 | RES8 | |||
| 322402 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | How do you most often lay your baby down to sleep now? | PRAMS | ALL 3 POSITIONS | % | Percentage | 1.5 | 0.4 | 5.1 | 6 | 25-34 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO328 | 47 | AYR5 | BOC4 | RES62 | |||
| 322403 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Behavior/Health | HIV Test | At any time during your most recent pregnancy or delivery did you have a test for HIV? | PRAMS | I do not know | % | Percentage | 8.6 | 5.4 | 13.5 | 28 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA9 | TOP7 | QUO14 | 53 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES46 | |||
| 322404 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Maternal Behavior/Health | Pregnancy History | History of previous live births | PRAMS | PRETERM | % | Percentage | 3.1 | 1.3 | 7.3 | 18 | Age 25 - 29 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA9 | TOP16 | QUO173 | 13 | AGE3 | BOC17 | RES61 | |||
| 322405 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- husband or partner did not want to | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 87.3 | 82.6 | 90.9 | 351 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO160 | 54 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES24 | |||
| 322406 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did a dentist or dental worker talk to you about how to care for your teeth and gums? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 44 | 40.6 | 47.5 | 652 | None | None | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO94 | 39 | BOC99 | BOC99 | RES40 | |||
| 322407 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born someone very close to you died | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 14.5 | 11.1 | 18.6 | 70 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO199 | 36 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 322408 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 51 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 25 | BOC16 | BOC16 | |||||||
| 322409 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about how using illegal drugs could affect your baby? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 55.6 | 49.7 | 61.4 | 229 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO215 | 39 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 322410 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Infant Health | Breastfeeding | Indicator of whether mother was still breastfeeding 4 weeks after delivery. | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 39.4 | 32.9 | 46.3 | 155 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA8 | TOP3 | QUO4 | 39 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES40 | |||
| 322411 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Did you get prenatal care as early in your pregnancy as you wanted? (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | DID NOT WANT | % | Percentage | 0.8 | 0.1 | 5.7 | 1 | 35+ yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO296 | 26 | AYR6 | BOC4 | RES49 | |||
| 322412 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether Medicaid paid for delivery | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 45 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO267 | 44 | BOC17 | BOC17 | |||||||
| 322413 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Barriers | Barrier to prenatal care - couldnÂ’t take time off from work (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 10 | 6.9 | 14.3 | 35 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA11 | TOP59 | QUO285 | 31 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 322414 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | #CIGS SAME/MORE | % | Percentage | 14.1 | 12.1 | 16.3 | 203 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 26 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES2 | |||
| 322415 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about how using illegal drugs could affect your baby? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 30.9 | 25.4 | 37 | 92 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO215 | 27 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 322416 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Behavior/Health | Mental Health | Did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about baby blues or postpartum depression during pregnancy or after your delivery? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 78.2 | 74.9 | 81.2 | 903 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA9 | TOP32 | QUO97 | 39 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES40 | |||
| 322417 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Infant Health | Pregnancy Outcome | Indicator of infant currently alive | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 98 | 95.2 | 99.2 | 108 | LBW (<=2500g) | Birth Weight | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA8 | TOP43 | QUO143 | 25 | BWT1 | BOC1 | RES40 | |||
| 322418 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Maternal Behavior/Health | Pregnancy History | History of previous live births | PRAMS | OK (NOT LBW OR PRETERM) | % | Percentage | 51.8 | 39.9 | 63.5 | 67 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA9 | TOP16 | QUO173 | 24 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES60 | |||
| 322419 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Barriers | Barrier to prenatal care - did not want anyone to know about the pregnancy (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Black, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA11 | TOP59 | QUO286 | 56 | ETH1 | BOC6 | RES23 | ||||||
| 322420 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - had side effects from birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 86.6 | 76.9 | 92.6 | 143 | Intended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO163 | 5 | IND1 | BOC11 | RES24 | |||
| 322421 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | < 1/day | % | Percentage | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 9 | White, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 26 | ETH4 | BOC6 | RES8 | |||
| 322422 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Behavior/Health | Mental Health | (*PCH) Indicator of whether mother reported frequent postpartum depressive symptoms(years 2004 - 2008). | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 86.7 | 84.4 | 88.7 | 971 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA9 | TOP32 | QUO74 | 49 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES23 | |||
| 322423 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Indicator of drinking any alcohol during the past two years | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 62.9 | 58.3 | 67.3 | 422 | Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO100 | 27 | MED1 | BOC9 | RES40 | |||
| 322424 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Visits | Adequacy of Prenatal Care (Kessner index) | PRAMS | UNKNOWN PNC | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA11 | TOP44 | QUO145 | 23 | ETH2 | BOC6 | RES38 | ||||||
| 322425 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Demographics | Household Characteristics | Indicator of infant currently living with the mother | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 1 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 1 | UNKNOWN PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA2 | TOP10 | QUO144 | 49 | PNC4 | BOC18 | RES23 | |||
| 322426 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you got separated or divorced from your husband or partner | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 11.5 | 8.4 | 15.4 | 67 | 0 | Number of Previous Live Births | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO201 | 39 | PRV0 | BOC20 | RES40 | |||
| 322427 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- husband or partner did not want to | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 13.4 | 9.2 | 19.1 | 37 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO160 | 55 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES41 | |||
| 322428 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 79.6 | 73.6 | 84.5 | 208 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO323 | 37 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES23 | |||
| 322429 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Infant Health | Infant Health Care | Indicator of sufficient well-baby care | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 115 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA8 | TOP11 | QUO42 | 17 | BOC19 | BOC19 | |||||||
| 322430 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Maternal Behavior/Health | Obesity | Mother's pre-pregnancy body mass index classified as obese (BMI > 29) or non-obese (BMI <= 29) | PRAMS | NOT OBESE | % | Percentage | 74.6 | 68.2 | 80.1 | 394 | Age 30 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA9 | TOP31 | QUO72 | 41 | AGE4 | BOC17 | RES112 | |||
| 322431 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of baby being discharged from hospital within 48 hours of birth. (for vaginal deliveries only) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 23.9 | 12.9 | 40 | 14 | UNKNOWN PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO1 | 27 | PNC4 | BOC18 | RES23 | |||
| 322432 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Maternal Behavior/Health | Pregnancy History | History of previous live births | PRAMS | NO PREV LIVE BRTH | % | Percentage | 39.4 | 34.7 | 44.3 | 153 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA9 | TOP16 | QUO173 | 25 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES59 | |||
| 322433 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not want to use birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 86.9 | 58.1 | 96.9 | 30 | Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO87 | 41 | SMK2 | BOC12 | RES24 | |||
| 322434 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | (*PCH) Indicator of mother having her teeth cleaned any time prior to pregnancy (years 2004 - 2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 87 | 84.8 | 88.9 | 960 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO272 | 49 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES40 | |||
| 322435 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Infant Health | Infant Health Care | Indicator of infant checkup within 1 week of hospital discharge for infants discharged within 48 hours | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 14.7 | 10.8 | 19.7 | 48 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA8 | TOP11 | QUO10 | 5 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES23 | |||
| 322436 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of mother delivering in a hospital | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 99.6 | 98.9 | 99.8 | 985 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO169 | 17 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES40 | |||
| 322437 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether other sources paid for delivery | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 94.7 | 92.6 | 96.2 | 856 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO319 | 55 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES24 | |||
| 322438 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of baby born in a hospital | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 3.6 | 2 | 6.4 | 16 | 30+ yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO168 | 23 | AYR3 | BOC19 | RES23 | |||
| 322439 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did your water break more than 3 weeks before your due date (premature rupture of membranes PROM) during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 91.1 | 85.8 | 94.5 | 161 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO158 | 17 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES23 | |||
| 322440 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Indicator of whether mother reported having gestational diabetes (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 12.4 | 9.4 | 16.2 | 42 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO153 | 31 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 322441 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you lost your job even though you wanted to go on working | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 18.4 | 15.4 | 22 | 118 | OTHER | Marital Status | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO213 | 17 | MA2 | BOC3 | RES40 | |||
| 322442 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | 6-10/day | % | Percentage | 5.3 | 1.3 | 19.2 | 4 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 25 | AYR1 | BOC19 | RES13 | |||
| 322443 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Infant Health | Injury Prevention | Baby was brought home from the hospital in an infant car seat | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 3 | White, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA8 | TOP40 | QUO187 | 27 | ETH4 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 322444 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - cannot pay for birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO84 | 8 | AYR1 | BOC19 | RES24 | ||||||
| 322445 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | #CIGS REDUCED | % | Percentage | 6.8 | 3.6 | 12.5 | 11 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 23 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES1 | |||
| 322446 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about how much weight you should gain during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 22 | 18.4 | 26 | 137 | White, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO217 | 28 | ETH4 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 322447 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about what to do if your labor starts early? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 7.8 | 5.6 | 10.7 | 29 | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO66 | 31 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 322448 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether private insurance paid for delivery | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 40.3 | 32 | 49.1 | 75 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO317 | 34 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES40 | |||
| 322449 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have any placenta problems (such as abruptio placental placenta previa) during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 5.5 | 3.5 | 8.6 | 30 | Age 30 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO157 | 23 | AGE4 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 322450 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - social security, worker's compensation, disability, veterans benefits, or pensions (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 97.2 | 94.1 | 98.7 | 718 | Non-Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO308 | 41 | MED2 | BOC9 | RES24 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
