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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 339951 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | How often does your new baby sleep in the same bed with you or anyone else? | PRAMS | NEVER | % | Percentage | 39.3 | 32.9 | 46 | 99 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO189 | 26 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES22 | |||
| 339952 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did your cervix have have to be sewn shut (incompetent cervix cerclage) during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 99.1 | 97.7 | 99.6 | 485 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO151 | 36 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 339953 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - thought she could not get pregnant at that time | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 82.2 | 68.4 | 90.7 | 64 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO165 | 28 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES24 | |||
| 339954 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have any vaginal bleeding during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 14.7 | 11.5 | 18.5 | 108 | Non-Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO149 | 2 | MED2 | BOC9 | RES40 | |||
| 339955 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 46 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 10 | BOC16 | BOC16 | |||||||
| 339956 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | Less than $10,000 | % | Percentage | 50.8 | 32.5 | 68.8 | 24 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 36 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES21 | |||
| 339957 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 20.4 | 17.7 | 23.4 | 235 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO323 | 39 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES40 | |||
| 339958 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the three months before pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | #CIGS REDUCED | % | Percentage | 14.8 | 4.9 | 36.7 | 4 | INADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO194 | 55 | PNC2 | BOC18 | RES1 | |||
| 339959 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the last 3 months of your pregnancy how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | < 1/day | % | Percentage | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 11 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO191 | 25 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES8 | |||
| 339960 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Indicator of whether mother reported having gestational diabetes (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 3 | 0.7 | 11.9 | 3 | Age < 18 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO153 | 8 | AGE1 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 339961 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Barriers | Barrier to prenatal care - did not want anyone to know about the pregnancy (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 5.3 | 3.6 | 7.6 | 31 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA11 | TOP59 | QUO286 | 44 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 339962 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Visits | Indicator of no prenatal care | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 98 | 96.5 | 98.9 | 687 | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA11 | TOP44 | QUO171 | 41 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 339963 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - husband or partner does not want to | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 9.5 | 4.5 | 18.8 | 10 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO80 | 37 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES41 | |||
| 339964 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Family Planning | Assisted Reproduction | (*PCH) Indicator of receiving any fertility drugs or treatment (for those trying to get pregnant only) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 85.7 | 82.4 | 88.5 | 417 | Intended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA4 | TOP50 | QUO222 | 10 | IND1 | BOC11 | RES23 | |||
| 339965 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Visits | Adequacy of Prenatal Care (Kessner index) | PRAMS | INADEQUATE PNC | % | Percentage | 13 | 7.3 | 22.2 | 16 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA11 | TOP44 | QUO145 | 56 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES18 | |||
| 339966 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about medicines that are safe to take during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 12.6 | 8.8 | 17.6 | 27 | Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO216 | 55 | ETH2 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 339967 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you need to see a dentist for a problem? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 24.8 | 22.8 | 26.9 | 398 | None | None | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO93 | 15 | BOC99 | BOC99 | RES40 | |||
| 339968 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have preterm or early labor during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 24.2 | 19.7 | 29.5 | 138 | Age 25 - 29 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO155 | 28 | AGE3 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 339969 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about birth control methods to use after pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO332 | 28 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES40 | ||||||
| 339970 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | Just before you got pregnant when did you want to become pregnant? | PRAMS | LATER | % | Percentage | 29.4 | 15 | 49.6 | 11 | INADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO13 | 44 | PNC2 | BOC18 | RES109 | |||
| 339971 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Maternal Behavior/Health | Pregnancy History | History of previous live births | PRAMS | OK (NOT LBW OR PRETERM) | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA9 | TOP16 | QUO173 | 17 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES60 | ||||||
| 339972 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you got separated or divorced from your husband or partner | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 94.1 | 92.2 | 95.5 | 1011 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO201 | 42 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES23 | |||
| 339973 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - some other source (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 42 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO306 | 39 | BOC18 | BOC18 | |||||||
| 339974 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Behavior/Health | HIV Test | Indicator of whether an HIV test was refused among women offered the test | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA9 | TOP7 | QUO142 | 42 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES23 | ||||||
| 339975 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | (*PCH) Indicator of no birth control use at conception for those not trying to get pregnant | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 48.7 | 39.6 | 57.8 | 58 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO241 | 50 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 339976 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of baby born in a hospital | PRAMS | STILL HOSP | % | Percentage | 0.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO168 | 56 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES36 | |||
| 339977 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Location | Where did you go most of the time for your prenatal visits? | PRAMS | MD / HMO | % | Percentage | 64.2 | 60.8 | 67.4 | 934 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA11 | TOP57 | QUO331 | 5 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES138 | |||
| 339978 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you lost your job even though you wanted to go on working | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | UNKNOWN PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO213 | 23 | PNC4 | BOC18 | RES40 | ||||||
| 339979 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - paycheck or money from a job | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 82.4 | 70.5 | 90.2 | 66 | LBW (<=2500g) | Birth Weight | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO304 | 27 | BWT1 | BOC1 | RES41 | |||
| 339980 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $25,000 to $49,999 | % | Percentage | 28.9 | 22.4 | 36.4 | 91 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 24 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES6 | |||
| 339981 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Did you get prenatal care as early in your pregnancy as you wanted? (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 17.3 | 14.1 | 21.1 | 131 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO296 | 2 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES23 | |||
| 339982 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you moved to a new address | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 69.5 | 66.5 | 72.4 | 816 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO209 | 37 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES23 | |||
| 339983 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $10,000 to $24,999 | % | Percentage | 20.3 | 17.5 | 23.5 | 140 | NBW (>2500g) | Birth Weight | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 42 | BWT2 | BOC1 | RES5 | |||
| 339984 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for delivery | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 90.7 | 86.3 | 93.9 | 460 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO318 | 53 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES23 | |||
| 339985 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you got separated or divorced from your husband or partner | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 5.3 | 4 | 6.9 | 70 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO201 | 27 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES40 | |||
| 339986 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about birth control methods to use after pregnancy? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 46 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Education | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO332 | 41 | BOC5 | BOC5 | |||||||
| 339987 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born someone very close to you died | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 87.6 | 85.3 | 89.6 | 889 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO199 | 17 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES23 | |||
| 339988 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Were you injured in a car accident during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 99.3 | 98.6 | 99.7 | 1138 | Non-Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO150 | 34 | SMK1 | BOC12 | RES23 | |||
| 339989 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | Indicator of whether baby is most often laid on his or her back to sleep | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 80.8 | 77.7 | 83.6 | 650 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO28 | 27 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES40 | |||
| 339990 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you got separated or divorced from your husband or partner | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 57 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | On WIC during Pregnancy | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO201 | 15 | BOC10 | BOC10 | |||||||
| 339991 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Behavior/Health | Obesity | (*PCH) Mother's prepregnancy body mass index classified as underweight normal overweight or obese | PRAMS | OVERWT (25.0-29.9) | % | Percentage | 31.2 | 25.2 | 37.9 | 65 | Black, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA9 | TOP31 | QUO148 | 55 | ETH1 | BOC6 | RES44 | |||
| 339992 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether other sources paid for delivery | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 2.8 | 1.1 | 6.9 | 7 | INTERMEDIATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO319 | 2 | PNC3 | BOC18 | RES41 | |||
| 339993 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the 3 months before you got pregnant how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 11-20/day | % | Percentage | 5.7 | 2.5 | 12.7 | 12 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO190 | 13 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES9 | |||
| 339994 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Indicator of drinking any alcohol during the past two years | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 28 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO100 | 23 | BOC16 | BOC16 | |||||||
| 339995 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | 4-6 TIMES/WEEK | % | Percentage | 1.5 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 3 | INTERMEDIATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 17 | PNC3 | BOC18 | RES70 | |||
| 339996 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - thought she could not get pregnant at that time | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 21.5 | 15.1 | 29.6 | 64 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO165 | 39 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES41 | |||
| 339997 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- problems getting birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 98 | 93.5 | 99.4 | 132 | Black, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO159 | 34 | ETH1 | BOC6 | RES24 | |||
| 339998 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- problems getting birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 91.3 | 84.2 | 95.4 | 310 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO159 | 40 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES24 | |||
| 339999 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - money from family or friends | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 79 | 70.6 | 85.4 | 252 | INTERMEDIATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO303 | 24 | PNC3 | BOC18 | RES24 | |||
| 340000 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have any placenta problems (such as abruptio placental placenta previa) during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 4.4 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 57 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO157 | 27 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES40 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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Meta
- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
