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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 346401 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | DIDNT TAKE VITAMIN | % | Percentage | 32.6 | 28.1 | 37.4 | 152 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 42 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES71 | |||
| 346402 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Change in drinking between three months before pregnancy and last three months of pregnancy | PRAMS | #DRKS REDUCED | % | Percentage | 2.2 | 0.4 | 11.8 | 2 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO99 | 31 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES3 | |||
| 346403 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about medicines that are safe to take during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 92 | 86.5 | 95.4 | 218 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO216 | 5 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES40 | |||
| 346404 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any trauma-related stressors reported | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 25.9 | 17.8 | 36.1 | 29 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO212 | 44 | AYR1 | BOC19 | RES40 | |||
| 346405 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | NONSMOKER | % | Percentage | 85.4 | 83.4 | 87.1 | 1412 | None | None | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 17 | BOC99 | BOC99 | RES28 | |||
| 346406 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether private insurance paid for delivery | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 51 | 43 | 59 | 159 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO317 | 13 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES40 | |||
| 346407 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Indicator of Not Getting PNC as Soon as Desired Among Women Who Began PNC Late or Not at All | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 44.5 | 36.1 | 53.2 | 90 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO11 | 28 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES23 | |||
| 346408 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | (*PCH) Indicator of drinking alcohol during the three months before pregnancy | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 27.1 | 22.8 | 32 | 123 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO8 | 42 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 346409 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | (*PCH) Indicator of no birth control use at conception for those not trying to get pregnant | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 46.3 | 40.5 | 52.3 | 185 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO241 | 26 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES23 | |||
| 346410 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | Indicator of ever having teeth cleaned | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 44 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO92 | 25 | BOC18 | BOC18 | |||||||
| 346411 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you were homeless | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 99.5 | 97.3 | 99.9 | 452 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO206 | 28 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES23 | |||
| 346412 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of baby being discharged from hospital within 48 hours of birth. (for vaginal deliveries only) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 13 | 8 | 20.5 | 21 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO1 | 55 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 346413 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Change in drinking between three months before pregnancy and last three months of pregnancy | PRAMS | DRINKER WHO QUIT | % | Percentage | 52.4 | 48.5 | 56.3 | 334 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO99 | 10 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES17 | |||
| 346414 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about how using illegal drugs could affect your baby? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 21.9 | 18.2 | 26.1 | 127 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO215 | 54 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES23 | |||
| 346415 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Barriers | Barrier to prenatal care - did not want anyone to know about the pregnancy (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 3.9 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 64 | NBW (>2500g) | Birth Weight | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA11 | TOP59 | QUO286 | 25 | BWT2 | BOC1 | RES40 | |||
| 346416 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | SMOKER WHO QUIT | % | Percentage | 0.4 | 0.1 | 2 | 2 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 42 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES34 | |||
| 346417 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | < 1/day | % | Percentage | 1.5 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 9 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 56 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES8 | |||
| 346418 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Infant Health | Breastfeeding | Did you ever breastfeed or pump breast milk to feed your new baby after delivery? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 140 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | On WIC during Pregnancy | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA8 | TOP3 | QUO5 | 40 | BOC10 | BOC10 | |||||||
| 346419 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - social security, worker's compensation, disability, veterans benefits, or pensions (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 10.5 | 5.7 | 18.5 | 13 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO308 | 44 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES41 | |||
| 346420 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother received Medicaid coverage for prenatal care. | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 35.7 | 27.5 | 44.8 | 61 | INTERMEDIATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO25 | 23 | PNC3 | BOC18 | RES24 | |||
| 346421 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | (*PCH) During the 12 months before you got pregnant did your husband or partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 96.7 | 93.4 | 98.4 | 217 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO20 | 55 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES23 | |||
| 346422 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - some other reason | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 91.6 | 87.6 | 94.4 | 411 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO162 | 28 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES24 | |||
| 346423 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - some other source (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 21 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO306 | 10 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES41 | |||
| 346424 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any financial-related stressors reported | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 58.4 | 54.7 | 62 | 470 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO203 | 26 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES23 | |||
| 346425 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any financial-related stressors reported | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 57.3 | 53.7 | 60.8 | 457 | 25-34 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO203 | 27 | AYR5 | BOC4 | RES23 | |||
| 346426 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Indicator of Late (After First Trimester) or No Entry Into Prenatal Care | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 77.7 | 70.3 | 83.6 | 356 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO24 | 40 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 346427 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any partner-related stressors reported | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 33.6 | 27.4 | 40.4 | 127 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO210 | 53 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 346428 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - social security, worker's compensation, disability, veterans benefits, or pensions (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 97.6 | 96.2 | 98.5 | 844 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO308 | 27 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES24 | |||
| 346429 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Did you get prenatal care as early in your pregnancy as you wanted? (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 10 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Mother Hispanic | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO296 | 37 | BOC8 | BOC8 | |||||||
| 346430 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Experiences | Pregnancy Recognition | Pregnancy Confirmation after the First Trimester | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 87.1 | 82.7 | 90.5 | 309 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA12 | TOP18 | QUO34 | 55 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES23 | |||
| 346431 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Infant Health | Infant Health Care | Indicator of sufficient well-baby care | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 84.2 | 72.4 | 91.6 | 74 | LBW (<=2500g) | Birth Weight | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA8 | TOP11 | QUO42 | 31 | BWT1 | BOC1 | RES40 | |||
| 346432 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - child support or alimony | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 90.8 | 88.3 | 92.8 | 632 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO301 | 10 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES24 | |||
| 346433 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - some other source (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 94 | 85.8 | 97.6 | 136 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO306 | 36 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES24 | |||
| 346434 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - cannot pay for birth control | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 1 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO84 | 2 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES41 | |||
| 346435 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Infant Health | Breastfeeding | Did you ever breastfeed or pump breast milk to feed your new baby after delivery? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 11.1 | 7.3 | 16.5 | 52 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA8 | TOP3 | QUO5 | 40 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 346436 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Infant Health | Smoke Exposure | Indicator of whether baby is exposed to cigarette smoke. | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 94.3 | 92.7 | 95.6 | 1474 | None | None | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA8 | TOP24 | QUO12 | 26 | BOC99 | BOC99 | RES23 | |||
| 346437 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Indicator of Late (After First Trimester) or No Entry Into Prenatal Care | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 10.7 | 8.1 | 14 | 73 | Age 30 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO24 | 31 | AGE4 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 346438 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Behavior/Health | Preconception Health | Before you got pregnant did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk to you about how to prepare for a healthy pregnancy and baby? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | UNKNOWN PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA9 | TOP41 | QUO91 | 34 | PNC4 | BOC18 | RES40 | ||||||
| 346439 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any partner-related stressors reported | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO210 | 13 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES40 | ||||||
| 346440 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Did you get prenatal care as early in your pregnancy as you wanted? (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 73.5 | 65 | 80.7 | 89 | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO296 | 55 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES40 | |||
| 346441 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Just before you got pregnant were you on Medicaid? (years 2000 - 2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 88.6 | 86.1 | 90.6 | 949 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO17 | 37 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES23 | |||
| 346442 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - husband or partner does not want to | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 7.3 | 3.2 | 15.8 | 7 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO80 | 37 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES41 | |||
| 346443 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- husband or partner did not want to | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 1248 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Mother Hispanic | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO160 | 24 | BOC8 | BOC8 | |||||||
| 346444 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | (*PCH) Indicator of intended pregnancy | PRAMS | Intended | % | Percentage | 60.2 | 57.2 | 63.2 | 849 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO16 | 31 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES19 | |||
| 346445 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | (*PCH) Indicator of no birth control use at conception | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 77.9 | 74 | 81.3 | 431 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO242 | 50 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES40 | |||
| 346446 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Infant Health | Pregnancy Outcome | Indicator of infant currently alive | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 99.4 | 98.9 | 99.7 | 1137 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA8 | TOP43 | QUO143 | 5 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES40 | |||
| 346447 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | During your most recent pregnancy did an ex-husband or ex-partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 98.4 | 97.3 | 99 | 1019 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO315 | 50 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES23 | |||
| 346448 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether private insurance paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 15.4 | 12.1 | 19.3 | 180 | Age 30 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO322 | 24 | AGE4 | BOC17 | RES23 | |||
| 346449 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the last 3 months of your pregnancy how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | None (0 cig) | % | Percentage | 77.7 | 73.2 | 81.6 | 806 | WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO191 | 40 | WIC2 | BOC10 | RES27 | |||
| 346450 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - money from family or friends | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 78 | 72.3 | 82.7 | 603 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO303 | 40 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES24 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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Meta
- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
