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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 349051 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Family Planning | Assisted Reproduction | (*PCH) Indicator of receiving any fertility drugs or treatment | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 92.4 | 89.8 | 94.5 | 541 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA4 | TOP50 | QUO223 | 44 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES23 | |||
| 349052 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | Indicator of ever having teeth cleaned | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 93 | 89.2 | 95.5 | 426 | Non-WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO92 | 28 | WIC1 | BOC10 | RES40 | |||
| 349053 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | (*PCH) During the 12 months before you got pregnant did your husband or partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 62 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO20 | 15 | BOC12 | BOC12 | |||||||
| 349054 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not think she could become pregnant (sterile) | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 0.8 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 1 | LBW (<=2500g) | Birth Weight | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO81 | 5 | BWT1 | BOC1 | RES41 | |||
| 349055 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Insurance Coverage | Indicator of insurance before pregnancy (excluding Medicaid) (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 77.8 | 73.9 | 81.3 | 439 | Age 25 - 29 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA10 | TOP30 | QUO310 | 27 | AGE3 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 349056 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Did you get prenatal care as early in your pregnancy as you wanted? (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 28.1 | 22.6 | 34.4 | 146 | Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO296 | 24 | MED1 | BOC9 | RES23 | |||
| 349057 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not think she could become pregnant (sterile) | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 96 | 91 | 98.3 | 57 | 35+ yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO81 | 25 | AYR6 | BOC4 | RES24 | |||
| 349058 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Indicator of drinking any alcohol during the past two years | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age < 18 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO100 | 34 | AGE1 | BOC17 | RES23 | ||||||
| 349059 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born a close family member was very sick and had to go into the hospital | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 80.1 | 75 | 84.4 | 328 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO204 | 2 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 349060 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born a close family member was very sick and had to go into the hospital | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 75.6 | 72 | 79 | 435 | OTHER | Marital Status | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO204 | 15 | MA2 | BOC3 | RES23 | |||
| 349061 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the 3 months before you got pregnant how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 6-10/day | % | Percentage | 2.6 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 36 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO190 | 49 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES13 | |||
| 349062 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about how drinking alcohol during pregnancy could affect your baby? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 70 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO38 | 44 | BOC6 | BOC6 | |||||||
| 349063 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | (*PCH) Indicator of unwanted pregnancy | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 8.9 | 7.4 | 10.6 | 41 | LBW (<=2500g) | Birth Weight | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO265 | 44 | BWT1 | BOC1 | RES40 | |||
| 349064 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether private insurance paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 88.5 | 85.3 | 91.1 | 706 | OTHER | Marital Status | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO322 | 28 | MA2 | BOC3 | RES23 | |||
| 349065 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about birth control methods to use after pregnancy? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 45 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Pregnancy Intendedness | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO332 | 42 | BOC11 | BOC11 | |||||||
| 349066 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of baby born in a hospital | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 20 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO168 | 50 | BOC13 | BOC13 | |||||||
| 349067 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | (*PCH) Indicator of postpartum contraception use | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 87.5 | 84.5 | 90 | 628 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO2 | 55 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES40 | |||
| 349068 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | Just before you got pregnant when did you want to become pregnant? | PRAMS | LATER | % | Percentage | 32.8 | 28.3 | 37.6 | 312 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO13 | 13 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES109 | |||
| 349069 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you go to a dentist or dental clinic? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 75.3 | 69.9 | 80 | 442 | Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO95 | 5 | SMK2 | BOC12 | RES23 | |||
| 349070 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have a kidney or bladder (urinary tract) infection during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 24 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO154 | 2 | BOC19 | BOC19 | |||||||
| 349071 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Were you injured in a car accident during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 5 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO150 | 23 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES40 | |||
| 349072 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | Indicator of whether baby is most often laid on his or her back to sleep | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 78.2 | 73.9 | 82 | 437 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO28 | 23 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES40 | |||
| 349073 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | During your most recent pregnancy did your husband or partner physically hurt you in any way? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 4 | 2.1 | 7.5 | 9 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO21 | 50 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES40 | |||
| 349074 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about breastfeeding your baby? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 93.6 | 87.5 | 96.8 | 181 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO37 | 2 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES40 | |||
| 349075 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - some other reason | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 71.2 | 60.7 | 79.9 | 92 | ADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO83 | 2 | PNC1 | BOC18 | RES24 | |||
| 349076 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | During your most recent pregnancy did an ex-husband or ex-partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 34 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Number of Previous Live Births | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO315 | 53 | BOC20 | BOC20 | |||||||
| 349077 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Maternal Behavior/Health | Pregnancy History | History of previous live births | PRAMS | PRETERM | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA9 | TOP16 | QUO173 | 28 | ETH2 | BOC6 | RES61 | ||||||
| 349078 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not want to use birth control | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 678 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO87 | 47 | BOC17 | BOC17 | |||||||
| 349079 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - social security, worker's compensation, disability, veterans benefits, or pensions (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 97.2 | 94.3 | 98.6 | 315 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO308 | 56 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES24 | |||
| 349080 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Infant Health | Pregnancy Outcome | Indicator of infant currently alive | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 0.3 | 0 | 1.9 | 1 | Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA8 | TOP43 | QUO143 | 31 | ETH2 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 349081 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Infant Health | Pregnancy Outcome | Indicator of infant currently alive | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 0.4 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 4 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA8 | TOP43 | QUO143 | 13 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES23 | |||
| 349082 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Infant Health | Infant Health Care | Was your baby seen by a doctor nurse or other health care provider in the first week after he or she left the hospital? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 12.5 | 6.6 | 22.4 | 12 | Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA8 | TOP11 | QUO101 | 13 | ETH2 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 349083 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not want to use birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 67.3 | 54.1 | 78.3 | 62 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO87 | 54 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES24 | |||
| 349084 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Total number of stressors reported grouped as none 1-2 3-5 and 6-13. | PRAMS | "3-5" | % | Percentage | 19.1 | 15 | 24.1 | 85 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO211 | 2 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES122 | |||
| 349085 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for delivery | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 70.6 | 66.5 | 74.4 | 979 | Non-Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO318 | 41 | SMK1 | BOC12 | RES23 | |||
| 349086 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | Just before you got pregnant when did you want to become pregnant? | PRAMS | THEN | % | Percentage | 31.2 | 28 | 34.7 | 236 | NBW (>2500g) | Birth Weight | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO13 | 28 | BWT2 | BOC1 | RES111 | |||
| 349087 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - aid such as TANF, welfare, WIC, Food Stamps, or SSI (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 19.2 | 16.1 | 22.8 | 107 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO299 | 10 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES40 | |||
| 349088 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Maternal Experiences | Abuse - Physical | During the 12 months before you got pregnant did your ex-husband or ex-partner push hit slap, kick, choke, or physically hurt you in any other way? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 90 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Marital Status | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA12 | TOP1 | QUO313 | 50 | BOC3 | BOC3 | |||||||
| 349089 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - money from a business, fees, dividends or rental income | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 3.1 | 1.9 | 4.9 | 18 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO302 | 34 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES41 | |||
| 349090 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | 4-6 TIMES/WEEK | % | Percentage | 6.6 | 4.5 | 9.5 | 31 | Age 25 - 29 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 26 | AGE3 | BOC17 | RES70 | |||
| 349091 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Indicator of contraception use at the time of pregnancy (for those not trying to get pregnant) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 41.8 | 37.8 | 45.8 | 293 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO89 | 34 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES40 | |||
| 349092 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | 41+/day | % | Percentage | 0.2 | 0 | 1.3 | 1 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 42 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES12 | |||
| 349093 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - not having sex | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 61.6 | 52 | 70.5 | 60 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO82 | 15 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES24 | |||
| 349094 | 2008 | MN | Minnesota | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Indicator for whether mother quit smoking during pregnancy (for smokers only) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 100 | 155 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (46.355648736°, -94.794200503°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO69 | 27 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES40 | |||||
| 349095 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Maternal Behavior/Health | Maternal Health Care | (*PCH) Indicator of having received preconception counseling (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 58.5 | 54.4 | 62.6 | 313 | Non-Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA9 | TOP52 | QUO246 | 50 | MED2 | BOC9 | RES23 | |||
| 349096 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Delivery | Hospital Length of Stay | Indicator of mother delivering in a hospital | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 99.8 | 99 | 100 | 102 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA6 | TOP9 | QUO169 | 5 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 349097 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Change in drinking between three months before pregnancy and last three months of pregnancy | PRAMS | #DRKS SAME OR MORE | % | Percentage | 2 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 24 | White, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO99 | 23 | ETH4 | BOC6 | RES4 | |||
| 349098 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Maternal Behavior/Health | Pregnancy History | (*PCH) Indicator of previous preterm birth | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 17.6 | 14.5 | 21.2 | 198 | None | None | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA9 | TOP16 | QUO176 | 28 | BOC99 | BOC99 | RES40 | |||
| 349099 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- problems getting birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 95.7 | 84.3 | 98.9 | 40 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO159 | 42 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES24 | |||
| 349100 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - money from a business, fees, dividends or rental income | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 2.3 | 0.4 | 12.7 | 2 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO302 | 24 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES41 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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Meta
- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
