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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 362851 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you lost your job even though you wanted to go on working | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 81.8 | 77.3 | 85.6 | 319 | LBW (<=2500g) | Birth Weight | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO213 | 47 | BWT1 | BOC1 | RES23 | |||
| 362852 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | (*PCH) Indicator of postpartum contraception use | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 15.5 | 13.3 | 18 | 166 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO2 | 17 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES23 | |||
| 362853 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have preterm or early labor during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 22.7 | 19.7 | 25.9 | 177 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO155 | 10 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES40 | |||
| 362854 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | Indicator of whether mother took vitamins more than 4 times a week during the month prior to pregnancy | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO41 | 34 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES40 | ||||||
| 362855 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $10,000 to $24,999 | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age < 18 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 36 | AGE1 | BOC17 | RES5 | ||||||
| 362856 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | 1-5/day | % | Percentage | 2.2 | 0.9 | 5 | 13 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 8 | AYR1 | BOC19 | RES10 | |||
| 362857 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | (*PCH) Indicator of unwanted pregnancy | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 23 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO265 | 49 | BOC4 | BOC4 | |||||||
| 362858 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Indicator of whether mother reported having gestational diabetes (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 23.7 | 17.5 | 31.3 | 51 | 35+ yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO153 | 44 | AYR6 | BOC4 | RES40 | |||
| 362859 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | How do you most often lay your baby down to sleep now? | PRAMS | SIDE/BACK | % | Percentage | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 4 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO328 | 23 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES66 | |||
| 362860 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Change in drinking between three months before pregnancy and last three months of pregnancy | PRAMS | #DRKS REDUCED | % | Percentage | 6.7 | 4.7 | 9.5 | 33 | 30+ yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO99 | 37 | AYR3 | BOC19 | RES3 | |||
| 362861 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have a blood transfusion during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 96.5 | 92.2 | 98.5 | 220 | Less than $10,000 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO237 | 55 | INC39 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 362862 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception- problems getting birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 94 | 77.8 | 98.6 | 45 | Age < 18 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO159 | 28 | AGE1 | BOC17 | RES24 | |||
| 362863 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether personal income paid for delivery | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 31 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Education | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO318 | 17 | BOC5 | BOC5 | |||||||
| 362864 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $50,000 or more | % | Percentage | 27.5 | 23.9 | 31.5 | 177 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 31 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES7 | |||
| 362865 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - not having sex | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 65.6 | 48.7 | 79.3 | 38 | Less than $10,000 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO82 | 31 | INC39 | BOC14 | RES24 | |||
| 362866 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | Reason for not using contraception at conception - thought she or partner was sterile | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 82.4 | 62.6 | 92.9 | 47 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO164 | 47 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES24 | |||
| 362867 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have a kidney or bladder (urinary tract) infection during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 75.2 | 71 | 79 | 423 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO154 | 34 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES23 | |||
| 362868 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any emotional-related stressors reported | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 67 | 55.9 | 76.5 | 105 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO202 | 31 | AYR1 | BOC19 | RES23 | |||
| 362869 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you need to see a dentist for a problem? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 60.6 | 52.6 | 68.1 | 185 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO93 | 5 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES23 | |||
| 362870 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Maternal Behavior/Health | HIV Test | Indicator of whether an HIV test was offered among women not receiving the test | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 30.3 | 20.6 | 42.1 | 49 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA9 | TOP7 | QUO141 | 13 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 362871 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any emotional-related stressors reported | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 44.7 | 34 | 56 | 48 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO202 | 34 | AYR1 | BOC19 | RES40 | |||
| 362872 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have any vaginal bleeding during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 87 | 83.7 | 89.6 | 477 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO149 | 56 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES23 | |||
| 362873 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Did you get prenatal care as early in your pregnancy as you wanted? (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 16.1 | 13.9 | 18.4 | 258 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO296 | 54 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES23 | |||
| 362874 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Initiation | Indicator of Not Getting PNC as Soon as Desired Among Women Who Began PNC Late or Not at All | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 53.9 | 46.9 | 60.7 | 107 | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA11 | TOP20 | QUO11 | 15 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES40 | |||
| 362875 | 2008 | NJ | New Jersey | Maternal Behavior/Health | HIV Test | At any time during your most recent pregnancy or delivery did you have a test for HIV? | PRAMS | I do not know | % | Percentage | 4.7 | 1.6 | 12.6 | 4 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (40.130570048°, -74.273691288°) | CLA9 | TOP7 | QUO14 | 34 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES46 | |||
| 362876 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - cannot pay for birth control | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 84.9 | 76.5 | 90.7 | 138 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO84 | 54 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES24 | |||
| 362877 | 2008 | IL | Illinois | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Indicator for whether mother smoked during the last three months of pregnancy | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 98.1 | 90.9 | 99.6 | 88 | Other non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (40.485010283°, -88.997710178°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO31 | 17 | ETH3 | BOC6 | RES23 | |||
| 362878 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the last 3 months of your pregnancy how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 41+/day | % | Percentage | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 7 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO191 | 5 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES12 | |||
| 362879 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Infant Health | Morbidity - Infant | The baby's weight classified as low birth weight (LBW) if the weight was less than or equal to 2500 grams or normal birth weight (NBW) if the weight was greater than 2500 grams | PRAMS | LBW (<=2500g) | % | Percentage | 8.4 | 6.8 | 10.4 | 57 | Less than $10,000 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA8 | TOP13 | QUO7 | 10 | INC39 | BOC14 | RES118 | |||
| 362880 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | WIC | During your pregnancy were you on WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children)? | PRAMS | Non-WIC | % | Percentage | 55.8 | 52.7 | 58.9 | 681 | Age 18 - 44 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA10 | TOP25 | QUO43 | 53 | AGE1844ALL | BOC16 | RES50 | |||
| 362881 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | 1-3 TIMES/WEEK | % | Percentage | 5.9 | 4 | 8.5 | 39 | WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 55 | WIC2 | BOC10 | RES69 | |||
| 362882 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Indicator of whether mother reported having diabetes that began before recent pregnancy (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 71 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO152 | 25 | BOC16 | BOC16 | |||||||
| 362883 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $25,000 to $49,999 | % | Percentage | 21 | 16.4 | 26.5 | 65 | Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 42 | SMK2 | BOC12 | RES6 | |||
| 362884 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born someone very close to you had a bad problem with drinking or drugs | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 22.5 | 15.8 | 31.1 | 37 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO200 | 55 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES40 | |||
| 362885 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - some other reason | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 60 | 42.5 | 75.2 | 26 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO83 | 50 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES24 | |||
| 362886 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Infant Health | Pregnancy Outcome | Indicator of infant currently alive | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 100 | 99 | Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA8 | TOP43 | QUO143 | 25 | SMK2 | BOC13 | RES40 | |||||
| 362887 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you were in a physical fight | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 93.5 | 90.5 | 95.6 | 1017 | WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO205 | 40 | WIC2 | BOC10 | RES23 | |||
| 362888 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did your water break more than 3 weeks before your due date (premature rupture of membranes PROM) during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 4.6 | 3 | 7.2 | 19 | White, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO158 | 53 | ETH4 | BOC6 | RES40 | |||
| 362889 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the 3 months before you got pregnant how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | < 1/day | % | Percentage | 1 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 4 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO190 | 47 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES8 | |||
| 362890 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you need to see a dentist for a problem? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 39.9 | 30.8 | 49.7 | 88 | Less than $10,000 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO93 | 47 | INC39 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 362891 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | Indicator of whether infant usually sleeps in a shared bed. | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 40.1 | 33.7 | 46.9 | 85 | Black, non-Hispanic | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO73 | 55 | ETH1 | BOC6 | RES40 | |||
| 362892 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | NONSMOKR RESUMED | % | Percentage | 5.2 | 3.4 | 8 | 18 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 15 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES29 | |||
| 362893 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - social security, worker's compensation, disability, veterans benefits, or pensions (years 2004-2011) | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 97.5 | 92.1 | 99.2 | 297 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO308 | 41 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES24 | |||
| 362894 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Indicator of whether mother reported having gestational diabetes (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 6.1 | 3.5 | 10.5 | 28 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO153 | 39 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 362895 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Change in drinking between three months before pregnancy and last three months of pregnancy | PRAMS | #DRKS SAME OR MORE | % | Percentage | 3.7 | 2.3 | 5.9 | 21 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO99 | 42 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES4 | |||
| 362896 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother was Medicaid recipient at any time (pregnancy for prenatal care or for delivery). | PRAMS | Medicaid | % | Percentage | 71.9 | 66.5 | 76.8 | 375 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO53 | 31 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES107 | |||
| 362897 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Demographics | Income | Income groups (years 2004 and beyond) | PRAMS | $10,000 to $24,999 | % | Percentage | 30.3 | 26.3 | 34.6 | 218 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO64 | 54 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES5 | |||
| 362898 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Demographics | Household Characteristics | Indicator of infant currently living with the mother | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 99.2 | 94.4 | 99.9 | 246 | Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA2 | TOP10 | QUO144 | 36 | SMK2 | BOC12 | RES40 | |||
| 362899 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Visits | Adequacy of Prenatal Care (Kessner index) | PRAMS | INADEQUATE PNC | % | Percentage | 5.1 | 2.3 | 10.9 | 6 | <20 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA11 | TOP44 | QUO145 | 15 | AYR1 | BOC4 | RES18 | |||
| 362900 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Visits | Adequacy of Prenatal Care (Kessner index) | PRAMS | INADEQUATE PNC | % | Percentage | 6.7 | 4.1 | 10.8 | 27 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA11 | TOP44 | QUO145 | 31 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES18 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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Meta
- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
