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CDC PRAMStat Data for 2008
| Row number | Year | LocationAbbr | LocationDesc | Class | Topic | Question | DataSource | Response | Data_Value_Unit | Data_Value_Type | Data_Value | Data_Value_Footnote_Symbol | Data_Value_Footnote | Data_Value_Std_Err | Low_Confidence_Limit | High_Confidence_Limit | Sample_Size | Break_Out | Break_Out_Category | Geolocation | ClassId | TopicId | QuestionId | LocationId | BreakOutId | BreakOutCategoryid | ResponseId |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382851 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether private insurance paid for delivery | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 47.2 | 43.8 | 50.6 | 475 | Non-Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO317 | 37 | SMK1 | BOC12 | RES23 | |||
| 382852 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | (*PCH) Indicator of drinking alcohol during the three months before pregnancy | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 76.6 | 72.5 | 80.2 | 407 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO8 | 49 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 382853 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Total number of stressors reported grouped as none 1-2 3-5 and 6-13. | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 18 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO211 | 47 | BOC6 | BOC6 | |||||||
| 382854 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | (*PCH) Indicator of postpartum contraception use | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 12.4 | 10.1 | 15.1 | 172 | >12 yrs | Maternal Education | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO2 | 8 | 12YR2 | BOC5 | RES23 | |||
| 382855 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - not having sex | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 962 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Number of Previous Live Births | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO82 | 23 | BOC20 | BOC20 | |||||||
| 382856 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Indicator of whether mother went to the hospital and stayed more than 7 days for a pregnancy-related complication (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 2.2 | 1.7 | 3 | 57 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO19 | 26 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 382857 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | How many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day now? | PRAMS | 41+/day | % | Percentage | 0.1 | 0 | 0.6 | 2 | NBW (>2500g) | Birth Weight | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO195 | 15 | BWT2 | BOC1 | RES12 | |||
| 382858 | 2008 | OR | Oregon | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did you have preterm or early labor during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 74.1 | 68 | 79.3 | 478 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (44.567449424°, -120.155031326°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO155 | 41 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES23 | |||
| 382859 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Infant Health | Smoke Exposure | Indicator of whether baby is exposed to cigarette smoke. | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 11.4 | 4.9 | 24.2 | 8 | INADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA8 | TOP24 | QUO12 | 5 | PNC2 | BOC18 | RES40 | |||
| 382860 | 2008 | WA | Washington | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born you were homeless | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 90.3 | 86.5 | 93.1 | 586 | OTHER | Marital Status | (47.522278629°, -120.47001079°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO206 | 53 | MA2 | BOC3 | RES23 | |||
| 382861 | 2008 | CO | Colorado | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you need to see a dentist for a problem? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 14.9 | 6.2 | 31.6 | 7 | UNKNOWN PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (38.843840757°, -106.133610921°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO93 | 8 | PNC4 | BOC18 | RES40 | |||
| 382862 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - does not think she could become pregnant (sterile) | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 99.6 | 99.1 | 99.8 | 43 | Age 25 - 29 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO81 | 50 | AGE3 | BOC17 | RES24 | |||
| 382863 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the 3 months before you got pregnant how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 1-5/day | % | Percentage | 5.2 | 3.6 | 7.4 | 36 | Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO190 | 49 | MED1 | BOC9 | RES10 | |||
| 382864 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Indicator of drinking any alcohol during the past two years | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 19 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO100 | 37 | BOC13 | BOC13 | |||||||
| 382865 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | Just before you got pregnant when did you want to become pregnant? | PRAMS | THEN | % | Percentage | 71.1 | 67.4 | 74.6 | 608 | Intended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO13 | 31 | IND1 | BOC11 | RES111 | |||
| 382866 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | In the 3 months before you got pregnant how many cigarettes did you smoke on an average day? | PRAMS | 21-40/day | % | Percentage | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 4 | Non-Smoker | Smoked last 3 months of Pregnancy | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO190 | 26 | SMK1 | BOC13 | RES11 | |||
| 382867 | 2008 | DE | Delaware | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether other sources paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 3 | $50,000 or more | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (39.008830667°, -75.577741168°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO324 | 10 | INC38 | BOC14 | RES41 | |||
| 382868 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | (*PCH) Indicator for whether mother smoked during the three months before getting pregnant | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 20.8 | 17.5 | 24.4 | 157 | Non-Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO30 | 25 | HIS2 | BOC8 | RES40 | |||
| 382869 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the three months before pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | NONSMOKR RESUMED | % | Percentage | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 3 | Non-Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO194 | 55 | MED2 | BOC9 | RES29 | |||
| 382870 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Maternal Behavior/Health | Obesity | Mother's pre-pregnancy body mass index classified as obese (BMI > 29) or non-obese (BMI <= 29) | PRAMS | OBESE | % | Percentage | 26.4 | 23.4 | 29.7 | 268 | NBW (>2500g) | Birth Weight | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA9 | TOP31 | QUO72 | 5 | BWT2 | BOC1 | RES113 | |||
| 382871 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | Reason for not using postpartum contraception - currently pregnant | PRAMS | NO (UNCHECKED) | % | Percentage | 94.3 | 74.1 | 99 | 75 | 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO85 | 25 | 12YR3 | BOC5 | RES24 | |||
| 382872 | 2008 | MD | Maryland | Family Planning | Contraception - Postpartum | (*PCH) Indicator of postpartum contraception use | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 44 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Race/Ethnicity | (39.290580964°, -76.609260111°) | CLA4 | TOP49 | QUO2 | 24 | BOC6 | BOC6 | |||||||
| 382873 | 2008 | AK | Alaska | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any partner-related stressors reported | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 63.5 | 54.1 | 71.9 | 133 | < 12 yrs | Maternal Education | (64.845079957001°, -147.722059036°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO210 | 2 | 12YR1 | BOC5 | RES23 | |||
| 382874 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | During your most recent pregnancy did you have your teeth cleaned? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 215 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO75 | 26 | BOC12 | BOC12 | |||||||
| 382875 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Infant Health | Breastfeeding | Did you ever breastfeed or pump breast milk to feed your new baby after delivery? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 37 | 32.2 | 42 | 205 | Age 18 - 24 | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA8 | TOP3 | QUO5 | 26 | AGE2 | BOC17 | RES23 | |||
| 382876 | 2008 | HI | Hawaii | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Indicator for whether mother currently smokes | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 84.8 | 81.9 | 87.3 | 609 | Unintended | Pregnancy Intendedness | (21.304850435°, -157.857749403°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO32 | 15 | IND2 | BOC11 | RES23 | |||
| 382877 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Maternal Behavior/Health | Oral Health | (*PCH) Indicator of mother having her teeth cleaned any time prior to pregnancy (years 2004 - 2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA9 | TOP33 | QUO272 | 23 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES40 | ||||||
| 382878 | 2008 | MI | Michigan | Family Planning | Pregnancy Intention | (*PCH) Indicator of intended pregnancy | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 38 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (44.661319543001°, -84.71439027°) | CLA4 | TOP17 | QUO16 | 26 | BOC12 | BOC12 | |||||||
| 382879 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | #CIGS SAME/MORE | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | Age 45+ | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years in groupings | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 39 | AGE5 | BOC17 | RES2 | ||||||
| 382880 | 2008 | OK | Oklahoma | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Insurance Coverage | (*PCH) Indicator of health insurance coverage in the month before pregnancy (years 2000-2008) | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 66.6 | 61.7 | 71.1 | 732 | Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (35.472031356°, -97.521070214°) | CLA10 | TOP30 | QUO227 | 40 | MED1 | BOC9 | RES23 | |||
| 382881 | 2008 | UT | Utah | Maternal Experiences | Stress | Indicator of any partner-related stressors reported | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 67.6 | 62.3 | 72.5 | 247 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (39.360700171°, -111.587130635°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO210 | 49 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES23 | |||
| 382882 | 2008 | RI | Rhode Island | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Payment | Indicator of whether private insurance paid for prenatal care | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 36.8 | 33.5 | 40.3 | 389 | Non-Smoker | Smoked 3 months before Pregnancy | (41.708280193°, -71.522470314°) | CLA11 | TOP58 | QUO322 | 44 | SMK1 | BOC12 | RES23 | |||
| 382883 | 2008 | GA | Georgia | Delivery | Delivery - Payment | Indicator of whether delivery was paid for by insurance through the military | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 10.2 | 5 | 19.6 | 14 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (32.839681093°, -83.627580346°) | CLA6 | TOP56 | QUO364 | 13 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES41 | |||
| 382884 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about getting your blood tested for HIV? | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | Not available if the unweighted sample size was less than 30. | INADEQUATE PNC | Adequacy of Prenatal care | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO39 | 23 | PNC2 | BOC18 | RES23 | ||||||
| 382885 | 2008 | NY | New York (excluding NYC) | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | Change in drinking between three months before pregnancy and last three months of pregnancy | PRAMS | #DRKS REDUCED | % | Percentage | 0.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | Hispanic | Mother Hispanic | (42.827001032°, -75.543970427°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO99 | 36 | HIS1 | BOC8 | RES3 | |||
| 382886 | 2008 | VT | Vermont | Maternal Behavior/Health | HIV Test | At any time during your most recent pregnancy or delivery did you have a test for HIV? | PRAMS | I do not know | % | Percentage | 8.2 | 6.3 | 10.8 | 50 | 25-34 yrs | Maternal Age (4 Levels) | (43.625381239°, -72.517640791°) | CLA9 | TOP7 | QUO14 | 50 | AYR5 | BOC4 | RES46 | |||
| 382887 | 2008 | WY | Wyoming | Maternal Experiences | Stress | In the 12 months before your baby was born a close family member was very sick and had to go into the hospital | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 22.1 | 18.5 | 26.2 | 123 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (43.235541343°, -108.109830353°) | CLA12 | TOP48 | QUO204 | 56 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES40 | |||
| 382888 | 2008 | ME | Maine | Insurance/Medicaid/Services | Medicaid | Indicator of whether mother received Medicaid coverage for prenatal care. | PRAMS | YES (CHECKED) | % | Percentage | 95.1 | 92.6 | 96.8 | 574 | Medicaid | Medicaid Recipient | (45.254228894001°, -68.985031336°) | CLA10 | TOP12 | QUO25 | 23 | MED1 | BOC9 | RES41 | |||
| 382889 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | In the month before you got pregnant with your new baby how many times a week did you take a multivitamin? | PRAMS | EVERY DAY/WEEK | % | Percentage | 14 | 10 | 19.3 | 40 | $10,000 to $24,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO335 | 37 | INC36 | BOC14 | RES72 | |||
| 382890 | 2008 | WV | West Virginia | Prenatal Care | Prenatal Care - Content | During any of your prenatal care visits did a doctor nurse or other health care worker talk with you about how using illegal drugs could affect your baby? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 60.6 | 56.7 | 64.4 | 587 | MARRIED | Marital Status | (38.665510202°, -80.712640135°) | CLA11 | TOP19 | QUO215 | 54 | MA1 | BOC3 | RES40 | |||
| 382891 | 2008 | TN | Tennessee | Maternal Behavior/Health | Multivitamin Use | (*PCH) During the month before you got pregnant with your new baby did you take a daily multivitamin? | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 5 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Mother Hispanic | (35.68094058°, -85.774490914°) | CLA9 | TOP15 | QUO65 | 47 | BOC8 | BOC8 | |||||||
| 382892 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Maternal Behavior/Health | Tobacco Use | Change in smoking from the last three months of pregnancy to the postpartum period | PRAMS | NONSMOKER | % | Percentage | 74.1 | 70.8 | 77.1 | 1073 | None | None | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA9 | TOP27 | QUO192 | 39 | BOC99 | BOC99 | RES28 | |||
| 382893 | 2008 | NC | North Carolina | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | (*PCH) Indicator of no birth control use at conception for those not trying to get pregnant | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 42.4 | 36.9 | 48 | 168 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (35.466220975°, -79.159250463°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO241 | 37 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES23 | |||
| 382894 | 2008 | NE | Nebraska | Maternal Behavior/Health | Morbidity - Maternal | Did your cervix have have to be sewn shut (incompetent cervix cerclage) during your pregnancy? | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 14 | NBW (>2500g) | Birth Weight | (41.641040988001°, -99.365720623°) | CLA9 | TOP14 | QUO151 | 31 | BWT2 | BOC1 | RES40 | |||
| 382895 | 2008 | MA | Massachusetts | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | How do you most often lay your baby down to sleep now? | PRAMS | ALL 3 POSITIONS | % | Percentage | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 11 | WIC | On WIC during Pregnancy | (42.27687047°, -72.082690675°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO328 | 25 | WIC2 | BOC10 | RES62 | |||
| 382896 | 2008 | WI | Wisconsin | Infant Health | Sleep Behaviors | Indicator of whether baby is most often laid on his or her stomach to sleep | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 12.3 | 7.8 | 18.8 | 21 | $25,000 to $49,999 | Income (years 2004 and beyond) | (44.393191174°, -89.816370742°) | CLA8 | TOP23 | QUO29 | 55 | INC37 | BOC14 | RES40 | |||
| 382897 | 2008 | MS | Mississippi | Infant Health | Smoke Exposure | Indicator of whether baby is exposed to cigarette smoke. | PRAMS | NO | % | Percentage | 91.5 | 88.7 | 93.6 | 752 | 20-29 yrs | Maternal Age (3 Levels) | (32.745510099°, -89.538030825°) | CLA8 | TOP24 | QUO12 | 28 | AYR2 | BOC19 | RES23 | |||
| 382898 | 2008 | AR | Arkansas | Maternal Behavior/Health | Alcohol Use | (*PCH) Indicator of drinking alcohol during the three months before pregnancy | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 43.6 | 39.4 | 47.8 | 410 | 1 or more | Number of Previous Live Births | (34.748650124°, -92.274490743°) | CLA9 | TOP2 | QUO8 | 5 | PRV1 | BOC20 | RES40 | |||
| 382899 | 2008 | PA | Pennsylvania | Demographics | Income | Source of household income - aid such as TANF, welfare, WIC, Food Stamps, or SSI (years 2004-2008) | PRAMS | YES | % | Percentage | 33.5 | 28.6 | 38.8 | 149 | OTHER | Marital Status | (40.793730152°, -77.860700294°) | CLA2 | TOP55 | QUO299 | 42 | MA2 | BOC3 | RES40 | |||
| 382900 | 2008 | OH | Ohio | Family Planning | Contraception - Conception | (*PCH) Indicator of no birth control use at conception for those not trying to get pregnant | PRAMS | % | Percentage | 702 | 1 | Missing includes not applicable, don't know, not recorded, no responses, and legitimate skips | Maternal Age - 18 to 44 years only | (40.060210141°, -82.404260056°) | CLA4 | TOP4 | QUO241 | 39 | BOC16 | BOC16 |
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Description
2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, is a surveillance system collecting state-specific, population-based data on maternal attitudes and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. It is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments. PRAMS provides data for state health officials to use to improve the health of mothers and infants. PRAMS topics include abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, preconception health, pregnancy history, prenatal-care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, WIC, Medicaid, infant health, and unintended pregnancy. Data will be updated annually as it becomes available.
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- Category
- Maternal & Child Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- abuse, alcohol use, contraception, breastfeeding, mental health, morbidity, obesity, pregnancy history, prenatal care, sleep behavior, smoke exposure, stress, tobacco use, wic, medicaid, reproductive health, preconception health, infant health, unintended pregnancy
- Row Label
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
- Source Link
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
- License
- Public Domain
Common Core
- Contact Name
- DRH Public Inquiries
- Contact Email
- PRAMSProposals@cdc.gov
- Publisher
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Public Access Level
- public
- References
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm, https://www.cdc.gov/prams/pramstat/index.html
- Issued
- 7/27/2023
- Bureau Code
- 009:20
- Program Code
- 009:020
- Described By
- https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Maternal-Child-Health/CDC-PRAMStat-Data-for-2008/4ya2-fkvt
- Homepage
- https://www.cdc.gov/prams/index.htm
